Expenses or payments not deductible in certain circumstances
44 [Expenses or payments not deductible in certain circumstances.
45 40A. (1) The provisions of this section shall have effect notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in any other provision of this Act relating to the computation of income under the head "Profits and gains of business or profession".
46 (2)(a) Where the assessee incurs any expenditure in respect of which payment has been or is to be made to any person 47 referred to in clause (b) of this sub-section, and the 48 [Assessing] Officer is of opinion that such expenditure is excessive or unreasonable having regard to the fair market value of the goods, services or facilities for which the payment is made or the legitimate needs of the business or profession of the assessee or the benefit derived by or accruing to him therefrom, so much of the expenditure as is so considered by him to be excessive or unreasonable shall not be allowed as a deduction.
49 [* * *]
(b) The persons referred to in clause (a) are the following, namely :—
| (i) where the assessee is an individual | | any relative of the assessee; |
| (ii) where the assessee is a company, firm, association of persons or Hindu undivided family | | any director of the company, partner of the firm, or member of the association or family, or any relative of such director, partner or member; |
(iii ) any individual who has a substantial interest in the business or profession of the assessee, or any relative of such individual;
(iv ) a company, firm, association of persons or Hindu undivided family having a substantial interest in the business or profession of the assessee or any director, partner or member of such company, firm, association or family, or any relative of such director, partner or member;
(v ) a company, firm, association of persons or Hindu undivided family of which a director, partner or member, as the case may be, has a substantial interest in the business or profession of the assessee; or any director, partner or member of such company, firm, association or family or any relative of such director, partner or member;
(vi ) any person who carries on a business or profession,—
(A) where the assessee being an individual, or any relative of such assessee, has a substantial interest in the business or profession of that person; or
(B) where the assessee being a company, firm, association of persons or Hindu undivided family, or any director of such company, partner of such firm or member of the association or family, or any relative of such director, partner or member, has a substantial interest in the business or profession of that person.
Explanation.—For the purposes of this sub-section, a person shall be deemed to have a substantial interest in a business or profession, if,—
(a ) in a case where the business or profession is carried on by a company, such person is, at any time during the previous year, the beneficial owner of shares (not being shares entitled to a fixed rate of dividend whether with or without a right to participate in profits) carrying not less than twenty per cent of the voting power; and
(b ) in any other case, such person is, at any time during the previous year, beneficially entitled to not less than twenty per cent of the profits of such business or profession.
(3) 50Where the assessee incurs any expenditure 51 in respect of which payment is made, after such date (not being later than the 31st day of March, 1969) as may be specified in this behalf by the Central Government by notification in the Official Gazette 52, in a sum exceeding 53[ 54 [twenty] thousand] rupees otherwise than by 55 [an account payee cheque drawn on a bank or account payee bank draft], 56[twenty per cent of such expenditure shall not be allowed as a deduction] :
Provided that where an allowance has been made in the assessment for any year not being an assessment year commencing prior to the 1st day of April, 1969, in respect of any liability incurred by the assessee for any expenditure and subsequently during any previous year the assessee makes any payment in respect thereof in a sum exceeding 57 [ 58[twenty] thousand] rupees otherwise than by 59 [an account payee cheque drawn on a bank or account payee bank draft], the allowance originally made shall be deemed to have been wrongly made and the 60[Assessing] Officer may recompute the total income of the assessee for the previous year in which such liability was incurred and make the necessary amendment, and the provisions of section 154 shall, so far as may be, apply thereto, the period of four years specified in sub-section (7) of that section being reckoned from the end of the assessment year next following the previous year in which the payment was so made :
Provided further that no disallowance under this sub-section shall be made where any payment in a sum exceeding 61[ 62 [twenty] thousand] rupees is made otherwise than by 59 [an account payee cheque drawn on a bank or account payee bank draft], in such cases and under such circumstances as may be prescribed 63, having regard to the nature and extent of banking facilities available, considerations of business expediency and other relevant factors.]
The following sub-section (3) shall be substituted for the existing sub-section (3) of section 40A by the Finance Act, 2007, w.e.f. 1-4-2008 :
(3)(a) Where the assessee incurs any expenditure in respect of which payment is made in a sum exceeding twenty thousand rupees otherwise than by an account payee cheque drawn on a bank or account payee bank draft, no deduction shall be allowed in respect of such expenditure;
(b) where an allowance has been made in the assessment for any year in respect of any liability incurred by the assessee for any expenditure and subsequently during any previous year (hereinafter referred to as subsequent year) the assessee makes payment in respect thereof, otherwise than by an account payee cheque drawn on a bank or account payee bank draft, the payment so made shall be deemed to be the profits and gains of business or profession and accordingly chargeable to income-tax as income of the subsequent year if the amount of payment exceeds twenty thousand rupees:
Provided that no disallowance shall be made and no payment shall be deemed to be the profits and gains of business or profession under this sub-section where any payment in a sum exceeding twenty thousand rupees is made otherwise than by an account payee cheque drawn on a bank or account payee bank draft, in such cases and under such circumstances as may be prescribed, having regard to the nature and extent of banking facilities available, considerations of business expediency and other relevant factors.
64 [(4) Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force or in any contract, where any payment in respect of any expenditure has to be made by 64a [an account payee cheque drawn on a bank or account payee bank draft] in order that such expenditure may not be disallowed as a deduction under sub-section (3), then the payment may be made by such cheque or draft; and where the payment is so made or tendered, no person shall be allowed to raise, in any suit or other proceeding, a plea based on the ground that the payment was not made or tendered in cash or in any other manner.]
(5) 65[ Omitted by the Direct Tax Laws (Amendment) Act, 1987, w.e.f. 1-4-1989. Original sub-section (5) was inserted by the Finance (No. 2) Act, 1971, w.e.f. 1-4-1972.]
(6) 66[ Omitted by the Direct Tax Laws (Amendment) Act, 1987, w.e.f. 1-4-1989. Original sub-section (6) was inserted by the Finance (No. 2) Act, 1971, w.e.f. 1-4-1972.]
67 [ 68(7) (a) Subject to the provisions of clause (b), no deduction shall be allowed in respect of any provision 69 (whether called as such or by any other name) made by the assessee for the payment of gratuity to his employees on their retirement or on termination of their employment for any reason.